`Abd Allah ibn `Abbas
Encyclopedia
Abd Allah ibn Abbas
was a paternal cousin
Cousin
In kinship terminology, a cousin is a relative with whom one shares one or more common ancestors. The term is rarely used when referring to a relative in one's immediate family where there is a more specific term . The term "blood relative" can be used synonymously and establishes the existence of...

 of the Islamic prophet Muhammad
Muhammad
Muhammad |ligature]] at U+FDF4 ;Arabic pronunciation varies regionally; the first vowel ranges from ~~; the second and the last vowel: ~~~. There are dialects which have no stress. In Egypt, it is pronounced not in religious contexts...

. He is revered by Muslims for his knowledge and was an expert in Tafsir (exegesis
Exegesis
Exegesis is a critical explanation or interpretation of a text, especially a religious text. Traditionally the term was used primarily for exegesis of the Bible; however, in contemporary usage it has broadened to mean a critical explanation of any text, and the term "Biblical exegesis" is used...

 of the Qur'an), as well as an authority on the Islamic Sunnah
Sunnah
The word literally means a clear, well trodden, busy and plain surfaced road. In the discussion of the sources of religion, Sunnah denotes the practice of Prophet Muhammad that he taught and practically instituted as a teacher of the sharī‘ah and the best exemplar...

.

Family

He was the son of a wealthy merchant, `Abbas ibn `Abd al-Muttalib
`Abbas ibn `Abd al-Muttalib
‘Abbas ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib was a paternal uncle and Sahabi of Muhammad, just a few years older than his nephew. A wealthy merchant, during the early years of Islam he protected Muhammad while he was in Mecca, but only became a convert after the Battle of Badr in 624 CE...

, thus he was called "Ibn Abbas", "the son of Abbas". The mother of Ibn Abbas was Umm al-Fadl Lubaba, who prided herself with being the second woman who converted to Islam
Islam
Islam . The most common are and .   : Arabic pronunciation varies regionally. The first vowel ranges from ~~. The second vowel ranges from ~~~...

, on the same day as her close friend Khadijah bint Khuwaylid
Khadijah bint Khuwaylid
Khadījah bint Khuwaylid or Khadījah al-Kubra was the first wife of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. She was the daughter of Khuwaylid ibn Asad and Fatimah bint Za'idah and belonged to the clan of Banu Asad. She is important in Islam as Muhammad's first wife, and one of the "mothers of the believers"...

, Prophet Muhammad's wife
Wife
A wife is a female partner in a marriage. The rights and obligations of the wife regarding her spouse and others, and her status in the community and in law, varies between cultures and has varied over time.-Origin and etymology:...

.

The father of Ibn Abbas and the father of Prophet Muhammad were both the sons of the same person, Shaiba ibn Hashim
Shaiba ibn Hashim
Shaiba ibn Hashim , better known as or Abd al-Muttalib, since he was raised by his uncle Muttalib, was the grandfather of Islamic prophet Muhammad.-Early life:...

, better known as ‘Abdu’l-Muṭṭalib. That persons father was Hashim ibn Abd Manaf
Hashim ibn Abd Manaf
Hashim ibn 'Abd Manaf was the great-grandfather of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and the progenitor of the Banu Hashim clan of the distinguished Quraish tribe in Mecca....

, the progenitor of the Banu Hashim
Banu Hashim
Banū Hāshim was a clan in the Quraysh tribe. Muhammad, was a member of this clan; his great-grandfather was Hashim, for whom the clan is named. Members of this clan are referred to by the Anglicised version of their name as Hashemites, or Huseini or Hasani...

 clan of the distinguished Quraish tribe in Mecca
Mecca
Mecca is a city in the Hijaz and the capital of Makkah province in Saudi Arabia. The city is located inland from Jeddah in a narrow valley at a height of above sea level...

.

610 – 632: Muhammad's era

Ibn Abbas was born in 3 BH (618–619 CE
Common Era
Common Era ,abbreviated as CE, is an alternative designation for the calendar era originally introduced by Dionysius Exiguus in the 6th century, traditionally identified with Anno Domini .Dates before the year 1 CE are indicated by the usage of BCE, short for Before the Common Era Common Era...

) and his mother took him to Muhammad before he had begun to suckle. Muhammad put some of his saliva on the newborn's tongue, and that was the beginning of the close relationship between those two.

While growing up, he was by Muhammad's side doing different services like fetching water for ablution
Ritual purification
Ritual purification is a feature of many religions. The aim of these rituals is to remove specifically defined uncleanliness prior to a particular type of activity, and especially prior to the worship of a deity...

 . He would pray with Muhammad and follow him on his assemblies, journeys and expeditions. Muhammad would often draw him close, pat him on the shoulder and pray, "O God! Teach him (the knowledge of) the Book
Qur'an
The Quran , also transliterated Qur'an, Koran, Alcoran, Qur’ān, Coran, Kuran, and al-Qur’ān, is the central religious text of Islam, which Muslims consider the verbatim word of God . It is regarded widely as the finest piece of literature in the Arabic language...

 ", and Ibn Abbas devoted his life to the pursuit of learning and knowledge. Ibn Abbas kept following Muhammad, memorizing and learning his teaching
Qur'an and Sunnah
Qur'an and Sunnah is an often quoted Islamic term regarding the sources of Islam. Muslims hold that Islam is derived from two sources: one being infallible and containing compressed information — the Qur'an — and another being a detailed explanation of the everyday application of the principles...

.

Muhammad's statement

In , Muhammad fell into his last illness. During this period, the Hadith of the pen and paper was reported, with Ibn Abbas as the first level narrator, at that time being ten to fifteen years old. Ibn Abbas used to say, "No doubt, it was a great disaster that Allah's Apostle was prevented from writing for them that writing because of their differences and noise." Days after that, Ibn Abbas and Ali
Ali
' |Ramaḍān]], 40 AH; approximately October 23, 598 or 600 or March 17, 599 – January 27, 661).His father's name was Abu Talib. Ali was also the cousin and son-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, and ruled over the Islamic Caliphate from 656 to 661, and was the first male convert to Islam...

 supported Muhammad's weight on their shoulder, as Muhammad was too weak to walk around on his own accord.

Inheritance from Muhammad

After Abu Bakr came into power, Ibn Abbas and his father were among them who unsuccessfully requested their part of Muhammad's inheritance, since Abu Bakr said that he heard Muhammad say that prophets do not leave inheritance.

Continued education

After Muhammad's era, he continued to collect and learn Muhammad's teaching from Muhammad's companions , specially those who knew him the longest. He would consult multiple Sahaba to confirm narrations, and would go to as many as thirty Companions to verify a single matter. Once he heard that a Sahaba knew a hadith unknown to him.
Ibn Abbas was not content just to accumulate knowledge, but due to a sense of duty to the ummah
Ummah
Ummah is an Arabic word meaning "community" or "nation." It is commonly used to mean either the collective nation of states, or the whole Arab world...

, he educated those in search knowledge and the general masses of his community. He turned to teaching and his house became the equivalent of a university in the full sense of the word, with specialized teaching and with him as the only teacher.

One of his companions described a typical scene in front of his house:
He held classes on one single subject each day, classes on issues such as tafsir, fiqh
Fiqh
Fiqh is Islamic jurisprudence. Fiqh is an expansion of the code of conduct expounded in the Quran, often supplemented by tradition and implemented by the rulings and interpretations of Islamic jurists....

, halal
Halal
Halal is a term designating any object or an action which is permissible to use or engage in, according to Islamic law. The term is used to designate food seen as permissible according to Islamic law...

 and Haraam
Haraam
Haraam is an Arabic term meaning "forbidden", or "sacred". In Islam it is used to refer to anything that is prohibited by the word of Allah in the Qur'an or the Hadith Qudsi. Haraam is the highest status of prohibition given to anything that would result in sin when a Muslim commits it...

, ghazawa
Ghazw
Ghazi or ghazah is an Arabic term that means "to raid/foray." From it evolved the word "Ghazwa" which specifically refers to a battle led by the Islamic prophet Muhammad.In English language literature the word often appears as razzia, deriving from French, although it probably...

, poetry, Arab history before Islam, inheritance laws
Islamic inheritance jurisprudence
Islamic Inheritance jurisprudence is a field of Islamic Jurisprudence that deals with inheritance, a topic that is prominently dealt with in the Qur'an. It is often called Mīrāth, and its branch of Islamic law is technically known as ʿulm al-farāʾiḍ...

, Arabic language
Arabic language
Arabic is a name applied to the descendants of the Classical Arabic language of the 6th century AD, used most prominently in the Quran, the Islamic Holy Book...

 and etymology.

Advising Umar

Umar often sought the advice Ibn Abbas on important matters of state and described him as a "young man of maturity" :
The Sahaba Sa`ad ibn Abi Waqqas said:

Battle of Siffin

Ibn Abbas remained a staunch supporter of the final Caliph Ali ibn Abi Talib, during Ali's war with Muawiyah, including at the Battle of Siffin.

A large group of Ali's armies were discontent with the conclusion of that arbitration, and broke off into a separate group. Ibn Abbas played a key role in convincing a large number of them to return to Ali, 20,000 of 24,000 according to some sources. He did so using his knowledge of Muhammed's biography, in particular, the events of the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah
Treaty of Hudaybiyyah
The Treaty of Hudaybiyyah is the treaty that took place between the state of Medina and the Quraishi tribe of Mecca in March 628CE .-Background:...

.

680 – 683: Yazid's era

Sunnis believe that ibn Abbas was for the unity of the Muslims and hence did not revolt against rulers. He advised Husayn ibn Ali
Husayn ibn Ali
Hussein ibn ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib ‎ was the son of ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib and Fātimah Zahrā...

 against his proposed expedition to Kufa
Kufa
Kufa is a city in Iraq, about south of Baghdad, and northeast of Najaf. It is located on the banks of the Euphrates River. The estimated population in 2003 was 110,000....

 that ended at Karbala
Battle of Karbala
The Battle of Karbala took place on Muharram 10, in the year 61 of the Islamic calendar in Karbala, in present day Iraq. On one side of the highly uneven battle were a small group of supporters and relatives of Muhammad's grandson Husain ibn Ali, and on the other was a large military detachment...

. Shias contend that due to coercion and duress he gave an oath of allegiance
Oath of allegiance
An oath of allegiance is an oath whereby a subject or citizen acknowledges a duty of allegiance and swears loyalty to monarch or country. In republics, modern oaths specify allegiance to the country's constitution. For example, officials in the United States, a republic, take an oath of office that...

 to Yazid, using Taqiyya
Taqiyya
Taqiyya , meaning religious dissimulation, is a practice emphasized in Shi'a Islam whereby adherents may conceal their religion when they are under threat, persecution, or compulsion...

.

Ibn al-Zubayr and Mut'ah

Ibn Abbas became blind during his last years, and Abd-Allah ibn al-Zubayr
Abd-Allah ibn al-Zubayr
`Abd Allah al-Zubayr or ibn Zubayr 624 - 692) was an Arab sahabi whose father was Zubayr ibn al-Awwam, and whose mother was Asma bint Abi Bakr, daughter of the first Caliph Abu Bakr. He was the nephew of Aisha, Prophet Muhammad's third wife....

 sought to mock him in a gathering by stating "some people's hearts are blind like their eyes, since they deem Mut'ah to be permissible". Ibn Abbas rejected his words.

Book: Tafseer Al Mazhari 1 / 731
Author: Muhammad Tanullah Ottomani Al Mazhari
Muslim narrate from Orwa ibn al-Zubayr that Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr was in Mecca, said: God blind the hearts of people as blinded their eyes, giving advisory opinion he means a man :Ibn Abbas, he was blind in his life, called Ibn Abbas and said: you are impolite, I swear that Mutha was doing at the time of Messenger of Allah peace be upon him said to him, Ibn al-Zubayr try yourself, I swear if you do I will must pelt you with stones,

Ibn Abi Amra Ansari, it was a license in the beginning of Islam, for who was compelled, like dead meat, blood and pork and then God ordered and ban it,

Al-Bayhaqi report from Al Zohri and said:, Ibn Abbas did not die until he returned for his fatwa of permitting of Mutha, as well as said Abu Awana in his Saheeh, Part 2 Section 2 , p. 77

الاستماع

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تقييم الترجمة
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Hadith transmitted by him

Ibn Abbas narrated that the Prophet said, "Two favors are treated unjustly by most people: health and free time." from Sahih Bukhari
Sahih Bukhari
Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī , as it is commonly referred to, is one of the six canonical hadith collections of Islam. These prophetic traditions, or hadith, were collected by the Persian Muslim scholar Muhammad ibn Ismail al-Bukhari, after being transmitted orally for generations. Muslims view this as one of...

, at-Tirmidhi, ibn Majah and Al-Nasa'i
Al-Nasa'i
Al-Nasā'ī , full name Aḥmad ibn Shu`ayb ibn Alī ibn Sīnān Abū `Abd ar-Raḥmān al-Nasā'ī, was a noted collector of hadith , and wrote one of the six canonical hadith collections recognized by Sunni Muslims, Sunan al-Sughra, or "Al-Mujtaba", which he selected from his "As-Sunan al-Kubra"...



Ibn Abbas reported: The Messenger of Allah said, "He who does not memorize any part from the Qur'an he is like the ruined house. from Tirmidhi

On the authority of Ibn Abbas, who said, "One day I was behind (i.e. riding behind him on the same mount) the Prophet and he said to me: 'Young man, I shall teach you some words (of advice). Be mindful of Allah, and Allah will protect you. Be mindful of Allah, and you will find Him in front of you. If you ask, ask of Allah; if you seek help, seek help of Allah. Know that if the nation were to gather together to benefit you with anything, it would benefit you only with something that Allah had already prescribed for you, and if they gather together to harm you with anything, they would harm you only with something Allah had already prescribed for you. Then pens have been lifted and the pages have dried. from Tirmidhi, who said it was a good and sound hadith
Hadith
The term Hadīth is used to denote a saying or an act or tacit approval or criticism ascribed either validly or invalidly to the Islamic prophet Muhammad....



Al Hakim records on the authority of ibn Abbas that the Prophet advanced, carrying upon his neck Hassan ibn Ali, and a man met him and said, 'an excellent steed thou ridest, lad!'. The Messengerof Allah replied, 'and he is an excellent rider.'

Legacy

As `Abd-Allah's knowledge grew, he grew in stature. Masruq ibn al Ajda said of him:
He had a son named Ali ibn Abdullah who died in 118 AH. From Ibn Abbas' lineage came the Abbasid dynasty, which replaced the Umayyad
Umayyad
The Umayyad Caliphate was the second of the four major Arab caliphates established after the death of Muhammad. It was ruled by the Umayyad dynasty, whose name derives from Umayya ibn Abd Shams, the great-grandfather of the first Umayyad caliph. Although the Umayyad family originally came from the...

 dynasty. Ibn Abbas is highly respected by both Shia and Sunnis, although Shia suffered severe persecution during the Abbasid Dynasty.

Views

Ibn Abbas viewed that Tafsir can be divided in four categories :
  • The category the Arabs knew because of its language
  • Those of ignorance, of which no one will be excused
  • Those the scholars know
  • Those no one knows except

Students and intellectual heirs

Among his students were:
  • Mujahid ibn Jabr
    Mujahid ibn Jabr
    Mujahid ibn Jabr was a Tabi‘in and one of the major early Islamic scholars.-Biography:He was one of the leading Qur'anic commentators of the generation after that of the Prophet Muhammad and his Companions. He is the first to compile a written exegesis of the Qur'an. He is said to have studied...

     (d. 104H), his heir in Tafsir.
  • Al-Rabi ibn Khuthaym
    Al-Rabi ibn Khuthaym
    Al-Rabi ibn Khuthaym al-Thawri was a pupil of Abdullah ibn Abbas and a famous tabi'i ascetic of Kufa. Constantly ill with a form of palsy, in later generations he became a symbol of endurance in the face of suffering. He emphasized the importance of silence, scrupulousness in religious...

     (d.ca 682)
  • Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr
    Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr
    Al-Qāsim ibn Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr as-Siddiq was an important jurist in early Islam. He is considered the fourth in the Naqshbandi Golden Chain of Sufi masters. Naqshbandis also consider him to have passed the chain to his grandson Ja'far as-Sadiq...

    , died in 108 AH or 106 AH.
  • Ata ibn Abi Rabah
    Ata ibn Abi Rabah
    Ata ibn Abi Rabah was a prominent Tabi'i, a Mufassir, Muhaddith , faqih and Mufti of Mecca. He was born in Yemen of Nubian parents and raised in Mecca as a client of the Abi Khuthaym family...

    , died 114 AH or 115 AH
  • Tawus ibn Kaysan
    Tawus Ibn Kaysan
    Tawus Ibn Kaysan was one of the Tabi‘in, one of the narrators of hadith, and a companion of the fourth Shia Imam, Ali Zayn al-Abidin .He is also known as Tawoos ibn Kaysaan, "Tawoos" or "al-Taus,".-Biography:...

    , became a student of Ali ibn Hussayn
    Ali ibn Hussayn
    ‘Alī ibn Ḥusayn known as Zayn al-‘Ābidīn was a great-grandson of Muhammad, as well as the fourth Shī‘ah Imām . His mother was Shahrbānū and his father was Ḥusayn ibn ‘Alī. His brothers include ‘Alī al-Aṣghar ibn Ḥusayn and ‘Alī al-Akbar ibn Ḥusayn...

     after Ibn Abbas, died
  • Wahb ibn Munabbih
    Wahb ibn Munabbih
    'Wahb ibn Munabbih' was a Muslim traditionist of Dhimar in Yemen; died at the age of ninety, in a year variously given by Arabic authorities as 725, 728, 732, and 737 C.E....

    , died sometime between 725 CE to 737 CE.

Sunni view

Sunni view him as the most knowledgeable of the Companions
Sahaba
In Islam, the ' were the companions, disciples, scribes and family of the Islamic prophet...

 in tafsir. A book entitled Tanwir al-Miqbas min Tafsir Ibn Abbas
Tanwir al-Miqbas
Tanwir al-Miqbas min Tafsir Ibn Abbas is one of the most prominent Sunni Tafsir, attributed to Abd-Allah ibn Abbas and hence called "Tafsir Ibn Abbas". It was collected by Abu Tahir Muhammad ibn Yaqub al-Fayruz Aabadi...

 is tafsir, all explanations of which may go back to Ibn Abbas. Of all narrations transmitted by Ibn Abbas, 1660 were considered authentic by the authors of the two Sahihs.

Regarding Ibn Abbas giving verdicts in favor of Nikah Mut'ah, most Sunnis view that Ali corrected him on the matter, while other view that "Ibn Abbas position on the permissibility of Mut'ah until his last day is proven" per the Hadith of Ibn al-Zubayr and Mut'ah.

Sunnis describe thus:

Shi'a view

Shi'a view Ibn Abbas as one of the better Sahaba
Sahaba
In Islam, the ' were the companions, disciples, scribes and family of the Islamic prophet...

, but not reaching the top ranks that was held by Sahaba such as Ammar ibn Yasir
Ammar ibn Yasir
ʻAmmār ibn Yāsir al-Ansi was one of the companions of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. He was one of the Muhajirun, and referred to as by Shia Muslims as one of the Four Companions....

.

External links

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